13 best varieties of broccoli: choosing a vitamin vegetable for open ground

Broccoli is a type of cabbage that came to our beds relatively recently. The crop began to be grown in the Mediterranean. Translated from Italian, broccoli means “flowering stem of cabbage.” Previously, cabbage was called Italian asparagus or the plant of eternal youth.

In this article we will talk about growing the crop, broccoli seeds and the best varieties for open ground. You will also learn about the features of this cabbage with photo names of popular varieties and hybrids.

History and facts

Broccoli was first cultivated as a food product in the northern Mediterranean around the 6th century BC.
During the Roman Empire, it was considered extremely valuable and necessary for health and longevity. The vegetable was brought to England in the mid-18th century, and then immigrants from Italy brought it to the United States. However, few people knew about it until the 1920s, which is surprising given how popular it is now.

Broccoli is known for its nutritional value around the world and is present in many dishes in countries ranging from India and Japan to the USA and France. Today, the largest suppliers of broccoli are China, India, Italy, Mexico, France, Poland and the United States.

Beneficial features

Broccoli varieties

Varieties of cauliflower: the best for certain regions and hybrids
According to the timing of harvest ripening, plants are divided into:

• early,
• mid-season,
• late.

Start harvesting the main heads of broccoli:

• for early varieties - after 50–100 days;
• for mid-season - after 105–130 days;
• for later ones - after 130–145 days.

Plants can be varietal or hybrid (indicated F1 on the packet of seeds). Varietal broccoli has better taste but a longer growing season. Hybrids have a slightly simpler taste, but they are more resistant to temperature changes, pests and diseases, and also tolerate transportation better.

Table: early varieties of broccoli

In varieties marked with an asterisk, young peduncles grow from the lateral axils after 7–10 days.

Photo gallery: early varieties of broccoli

Broccoli of the Naxos variety is a tall plant without side shoots. Broccoli of the Green Magic variety has a green head of medium size and medium density. Broccoli of the Karato variety has a medium-height plant with one stem, the head is dense, medium-sized, finely tuberous. Broccoli of the Koros variety has very uniform heads, light green in color. The Curly head broccoli has a medium-sized head, finely tuberous, without covering leaves. The Macho broccoli has a dense head with medium-sized covering leaves. The Moscow Souvenir broccoli has a medium-sized and dense head, without covering leaves. The Tonus broccoli has a dense head. , compact head with excellent taste Caesar broccoli has a small, dense head with a delicate texture

Let's take a closer look at the Green Magic F1 variety. It has received recognition from many gardeners and is recommended for cultivation in all regions. Ripens 60–65 days after planting seedlings in open ground. The plant is not very large, but produces a good harvest. The central heads have to be removed in a short time. The variety is great for freezing and canning. New heads form on the side shoots and grow until frost. All season long you can prepare dishes from fresh heads of cabbage.

Table: Dutch broccoli varieties

In varieties marked with an asterisk, young peduncles grow from the lateral axils after 7–10 days.

Photo gallery: Dutch broccoli varieties

Agassi broccoli has a medium-sized head, medium-lumpy, dense. Iromen broccoli has a medium-sized, medium-lumpy head, without covering leaves. Batavia broccoli has a head that is not susceptible to cracking. Lucky broccoli has a dense, medium-sized, compact, finely lumpy head with tender texture Fiesta broccoli has a medium-sized head, partially covered with leaves, dense, medium-lumpy

If you grow Agassi F1 with seedlings, you will be able to enjoy the delicious heads of cabbage within 2–3 weeks. True, the seedlings for this must be very “adult” - 45–50 days. With abundant watering and fertilizing, the heads grow up to 700 g and ripen together. This cabbage tolerates stressful weather conditions well and is resistant to diseases. The heads are very beautiful, regularly rounded. After the main head is cut off, new inflorescences grow from the axils of the leaves, which can be collected until frost.

Table: large varieties of broccoli

In varieties marked with an asterisk, young peduncles grow from the lateral axils after 7–10 days.

Gallery: large varieties of broccoli

The tables are compiled based on data from the State Plant Register of Russia.

Photo gallery: mid-season and late varieties

In open sources you can find completely different characteristics of the same varieties. For example, although the Linda variety is positioned as mid-season, the ripening time is indicated at 89–95 days from germination to harvest. But such a range of ripening can only be achieved if cabbage is planted with 40–50-day-old seedlings.

The best varieties for the Middle Zone

The climatic conditions of the Middle Zone make it possible to grow cold-resistant varieties that can withstand changes in day and night temperatures. Early varieties of cabbage ripen beautifully in the middle zone. Planting seedlings helps speed up the process; then the first head of cabbage is cut off on the 38th day. Before the autumn cold snap, cabbage has time to ripen. The entire line of hybrids is also suitable, there are about 200 of them.

Broccoli reacts negatively to drought and cold weather and begins to bloom. Therefore, pay attention to color resistance when choosing.

Broccoli seeds

The best varieties of cabbage

Considering the external abundance of buds in the inflorescences, one can easily understand that enough seeds are obtained from one plant to sow large volumes of land. Photos of what broccoli seeds look like are not often seen by the average person. Externally, they are round or somewhat elongated, gray, brown or black.

There is nothing unusual about what broccoli seeds look like:

round - these are small balls, their diameter does not exceed 2 mm, but in appearance they resemble millet cereals, which we often find on grocery shelves;

oblong ones have the appearance of very small wheat without a slot on one of the lobes; the length of such a seed is no more than 3 mm.

Seeds are usually sold in small quantities: 10-20 pieces in one bag. But they also sow them one seed at a time, justifiably hoping for good germination. If the conditions are not good enough for cabbage, the decisive factor for the germination and further development of which is humidity, it is recommended to sow 2-3 seeds per hole.

Where and for how much is seed material sold?

Broccoli seeds are sold in specialized stores and online markets. They can be ordered by mail. The cost depends on the variety, the number of seeds in the package, wholesale, region of the manufacturer and the distance between control points. Eg:

• Flapru online store, Yekaterinburg: “Tonus” broccoli seeds 0.5 g (set of 20 packs) costs 180 rubles;
• online store “Seeds of high germination” Ryazan: broccoli seeds “Lord F1” 12 pcs. — 48.6 rub.;
• online store “SemenaOpt” Rostov-on-Don: broccoli seeds “Fiesta F1” from Holland 2500 pcs. — 1590 rub.

When purchasing seeds, carefully study the information on the packaging. If you sow a hybrid marked with the designation “F1” after the name of the variety, then the seeds collected from it will not carry the qualities of the parent broccoli. Hybrid seed will have to be purchased annually.

The largest and most productive crops

The best varieties of Chinese cabbage

A fork weighing over 600 grams is considered large-fruited.

Table of large-fruited cabbage.

Green Magic F1

The height of the stem reaches 25 centimeters. The first head of cabbage is 600-700 grams. Secondary inflorescences are several orders of magnitude lighter in weight. A culture that tastes good. Cabbage is resistant to fungal infections. Productivity – 2.8 kilograms.

Hybrid Arcadia F1

Head – 600-700 grams. The color of the leaves is green. It is grown in two ways. Due to increased immunity and frost resistance, it is grown in Siberia.

Diseases and pests of white cabbage and methods of combating them

Read

Types of broccoli

There are two types of broccoli:

• growing with one “head”, like cauliflower;
• producing many peduncles that are not collected in a dense head (asparagus).

Some classify colored broccoli as a separate class, which can be red, yellow or lilac, but these plants produce one dense “head”, which means they belong to the first type.

Photo gallery: varieties of broccoli

The classic look of broccoli is one tightly packed head on a strong base.

Asparagus broccoli produces many cuttings that taste like asparagus

Broccoli cauliflower produces one dense head of cabbage and does not split into separate cuttings

Regionality and climate

Broccoli grows well in the temperate climate of Russia's mid-latitudes. Seeds germinate at a temperature of 6-8 degrees, but with a prolonged period of such heat, further formation and vegetation of the plant are greatly inhibited. The optimal temperature is considered to be 16-18 °C.

When the temperature rises above 25 degrees for a long time, heads of a non-marketable type are formed, quickly moving into the flowering phase.

In areas characterized by strong temperature fluctuations with poor soil composition, broccoli often does not produce fruit, but becomes a “barren flower”, with the head developing deformed and unsuitable for consumption.

Use in cooking

Broccoli has found quite wide application in cooking. Most often it is eaten boiled, lightly fried, stewed, raw or steamed.

Since broccoli is a non-starchy vegetable, it can be combined with a variety of foods. Most often, this type of cabbage is used for making soups, sauces, stews, salads and various side dishes.

Cooking methods

There are many ways to deliciously cook broccoli at home. In our article we will tell you in detail how to do this correctly.

If you have some delicious fresh cabbage on hand, you can make a lot of delicious dishes out of it. Broccoli can be boiled, fried, baked, stewed, steamed or grilled. Here are the basic recommendations for preparing this product:

• It takes about seven minutes to cook the broccoli in the pan. The water should be slightly salted. The flame should not be made too large; it is better to set it to the very minimum when the water in the pan boils. In a double boiler, the vegetable should be cooked for ten minutes, and then left with the lid closed for another three to four minutes to steam the cabbage. To prepare broccoli puree, the product must be cooked for at least half an hour.
• To fry broccoli, you must first wash it and separate it into florets. Fresh vegetables are fried for five to seven minutes until cooked, and if the cabbage was cut about a week ago, then before frying it is dipped in boiling water for three minutes, and only after that it is sent to the frying pan. There is no need to add too much oil.
• Here's how to bake broccoli: Divide the vegetable into inflorescences, after washing it, and turn on the oven, preheating it to a temperature of two hundred degrees. Mix cabbage with vegetable oil, salt and chopped garlic. Cover a baking sheet with parchment and place broccoli florets on it, then place it all in a preheated oven. You can bake cabbage along with other vegetables. Baking time is from ten to twenty minutes depending on the power of your oven.
• You can also stew broccoli with asparagus or other vegetables, as well as chicken fillet and roasting. To get a delicious cabbage stew, you need to rinse it and divide it into inflorescences, then place them in a cold frying pan. Add no more than one hundred grams of water to the container and place the frying pan on the fire. Cover the broccoli with a lid and let it simmer for 5-10 minutes. When the water in the container boils, add a little sour cream, as well as the pre-prepared frying, salt and pepper, mix the ingredients and leave to simmer for about five more minutes.
• Grilling broccoli is very easy. To do this, you should disassemble the product into inflorescences, boil water in a saucepan and lower the vegetable there for three to five minutes. After cooking, immediately throw the cabbage into ice water. Then mix olive oil and lemon zest, pour the resulting liquid over the broccoli, place it on a baking sheet and place it on the grill. Cooking cabbage in this way takes no more than six minutes.

You can choose any way to prepare fresh broccoli, and you can also use it for cooking and as an independent snack.

What does it go with?

There is a small list of products that broccoli can be combined with. Using our simple tips, you can prepare delicious dishes at home.

As for other vegetables, broccoli goes very well with onions, garlic, beans and asparagus. You can prepare a delicious salad from these products or stew them in a frying pan. Carrots and boiled corn also go great with this cabbage.

Try experimenting with foods, as fresh broccoli can pair well with many other vegetables, as well as meat and fish.

Harvesting

What is special about this process? Now you know how to grow broccoli in open ground. Harvesting technology is also of great importance. Broccoli is harvested before the flowers open. It is very easy to miss this moment, so you should monitor the plants as closely as possible. There are a number of signs that you can use to understand when the crop is ready for harvest. The easiest way to determine this is by size. Plants ready for harvest usually have a head size of approximately 12–14 cm

You should also pay attention to the color of the broccoli head. It should be dark green

The buds must be closed. If the buds begin to turn yellow, they should be removed immediately. Otherwise, the entire harvest may be lost, and those vegetables that can be harvested will be tasteless.

When to Harvest Broccoli? The best varieties for open ground produce a harvest within 60–65 days after germination. Harvesting usually occurs before mid-September. It is best done in the morning. The heads should not be torn off, but cut off using a sharp thin knife.

Problems during cultivation

The greatest harm is caused by butterfly larvae, which are very voracious

Broccoli in open ground is constantly under attack from pests and diseases. For pests, tender cabbage leaves are a favorite delicacy, so it has many enemies. Cabbage parasites are easy to notice with the naked eye or by the characteristic traces they leave:

• large and small holes on leaf blades;
• eating leaves down to the veins;
• egg laying on the underside of the leaf;
• cobwebs or sticky liquid on the surface.

Cabbage is eaten by cabbage flies, aphids, whiteflies, butterfly larvae, cruciferous flea beetles, cruciferous bugs, slugs, moths, cutworms, and thrips. Based on the specific pest and the size of the lesion, treatment is carried out and “emergency measures” are taken.

Laundry soap

When using folk recipes, laundry soap must be included in their composition. Cabbage has smooth leaves, from which droplets of the solution easily roll off, without staying on the surface and without destroying the garden parasite. Soap makes the composition sticky.

Diseases are noticeable by other signs:

• the appearance of dry or weeping spots on the leaf blades;
• deformation of stems and leaves;
• plaque of different shades;
• color change.

Broccoli in open ground suffers from black ring spot, Alternaria, downy mildew, mucous bacteriosis, vascular bacteriosis, black leg, clubroot, linen, and fomoz. These are fungal and bacterial diseases for which certain protective measures are provided.

Blackleg is the most common seedling disease

There are prerequisites for the appearance of pests and diseases that should be taken into account when caring for broccoli:

• watering with cold water;
• abundance of weeds;
• excessive watering;
• high or low humidity;
• weak planting material;
• contaminated or poor soil composition;
• lack of crop rotation;
• thickened plantings;
• insufficient amount of light.

There are plants that are natural crop protectors. If you plant mint, celery or dill next to cabbage, then the vegetable will not be attacked by aphids, flea beetles and cabbage caterpillars.

You can plant vegetable crops nearby - neighbors of broccoli, which feel “sympathy” for each other without interfering with growth and development. These are beets, chard, potatoes, lettuce, onions, spinach. It is better to avoid planting beans and peas close together.

In addition to pests and diseases, broccoli sometimes has a serious problem - it goes into color. What to do if coloration develops? This video will help you solve the problem:

WHY DOES BROCCOLI GO IN COLOR!?

Broccoli: cultivation and care in open ground, characteristics of varieties | (Photo & Video) + Reviews

Broccoli: cultivation and care in open ground

How to plant

At home, seedlings are grown for 35-45 days. During this time, approximately 6 true leaves appear on the seedlings.

Cabbage is usually planted in the garden in mid-May. But if the soil is not warm enough, or the night frosts have not yet ended, it is better not to rush into planting broccoli on the site.

What soil to use

The soil should be neutral or slightly alkaline. That is, the pH should be from 6.7 to 7.4 units.

They begin to prepare the soil on the site in the fall: before digging it, manure or compost is added to the soil. For 1 square meter of plot, 4-5 kg ​​of compost is required. It is good to add lime to acidic soil.

Where to plant

The vegetable prefers well-lit areas.

The best predecessors of cabbage are green manure, onions, carrots, cucumbers, grains, potatoes and legumes.

It is better not to plant broccoli after other types of cabbage, after beets, radishes, tomatoes, if 4 years have not passed since the harvest of these crops.

Landing technology

Seedlings are planted with a 35x60 cm net.

The preferred planting time is late afternoon or a cloudy day. 5-10 g of high-grade mineral fertilizer is added to the seedling hole, which is thoroughly mixed with the soil. The seedlings are placed in the hole and covered with soil, the soil is compacted and watered.

To avoid the death of seedlings during frosts, cover the planting area with film. You can grow cabbage in open ground by sowing the seeds directly into the ground after return frosts. As a rule, this time falls on the second ten days of May.

Before planting, the seeds must be treated as described in the previous section. As seedlings appear on the site, they are thinned out.

How to care for broccoli

Growing and caring for broccoli comes down to timely loosening, fertilizing and watering the soil, and pulling out weeds. After three weeks from the moment of planting, as well as after another 10 days, the broccoli bushes need to be hilled up, loosening the soil near the roots.

Cabbage seedlings at the initial stage of development must be hidden from the sun using spruce branches or buckets. On hot days, you need to water the cabbage and humidify the air around it as often as possible. It is preferable to loosen the soil near the roots to a depth of 8 cm. It is more convenient to weed and loosen the soil with broccoli a day after the area has been watered.

Watering broccoli

Typically, once a week of watering is sufficient for broccoli. If the air temperature reaches 25 ºC, the soil should be moistened more often. It is better to water the plant both through the roots - by watering, and through the leaves - by spraying them.

Feeding broccoli

It is necessary to regularly feed broccoli; this is one of the main secrets of growing cabbage.

For the first time, fertilizer is applied to the soil a couple of weeks after the seedlings are planted on the site, using a mullein solution in the proportion of 1 cup of fertilizer per 10 liters of water.

Add 1 teaspoon of urea to the solution. You can replace mullein with chicken droppings, which are dissolved in water in a ratio of 1:20. When seeds are planted directly into the ground, fertilizer can be applied only 3 weeks after germination.

For the second feeding, saltpeter is used, and it is carried out 2-3 weeks after the first feeding. One matchbox of dry matter is dissolved in one bucket of water.

As summer ends, broccoli needs less nitrogen. But at this time, cabbage needs potassium-phosphorus fertilizers more.

The third feeding is superphosphate, ammonium nitrate and potassium sulfate diluted in a bucket of water in a ratio of 40 g per 20 g per 10 g.

When the central head of the plant is cut, the soil is fertilized so that the side shoots grow better.

Dissolve in a bucket of water:

• 10 g of saltpeter,
• 30 g potassium sulfate and
• 20 g superphosphate.

All this is poured into 1 liter of solution under each bush.

Another type of fertilizer for broccoli is wood ash, which is scattered over the area at the rate of 1 cup per square meter.

Growing in central Russia

Heat-loving varieties of broccoli can also be grown where summers are short and cool. High sustainability of culture is its valuable advantage. Growing broccoli in the Moscow region is also carried out successfully, as in the Urals.

Preparing for landing

Planting and further growing broccoli does not cause difficulties even for novice gardeners. But you still need to carefully and responsibly approach each of the events.

Conditions

For active growth of broccoli, an air temperature of not lower than 10 ° C and not higher than 25 ° C is required. Most varieties and hybrids prefer sunny beds. It is advisable that drafts and gusts of wind do not affect the vegetable crop.

Follow the rule of crop rotation and take into account the proximity of broccoli to other plants when planting. It is not recommended to grow cabbage in the place where crops of the Cruciferous order, the Brassica family, grew last season.

It is optimal to plant broccoli after legumes, pumpkins, potatoes, onions, carrots, and tomatoes. Nearby, place beds with potatoes, onions, lettuce, carrots, parsley, sage, and cucumbers. You cannot plant tomatoes, beans, strawberries and strawberries next to this type of cabbage.

Planting site and soil

The chosen place for planting broccoli should be prepared in advance, in the fall. To do this, thoroughly clean the bed of all plant residues of previous crops and weeds. The best option for their destruction would be burning, especially if there have been cases of fungal diseases occurring on the site.

Next, dig up the soil, using organic fertilizers to replenish its nutritional reserves. Humus or compost is suitable at a consumption rate of 3.5-5 kg ​​per square meter. m. If the soil is acidic, liming it with chalk or limestone.

Read more about disinfecting the soil before planting seedlings here.

Seeds

Before planting, seeds need preparation:

• Calibration Sort through the seed material, leaving the largest specimens.
• Disinfection. Prepare a slightly pink solution of manganese and soak the seeds in it for 15-20 minutes, and then rinse with water. You should not increase the disinfection time, so as not to cause a chemical burn to the broccoli germs.
• Activation of growth. To increase germination and harden the seeds, soak them in the Epin growth activator for 12-15 hours. Another option is to keep the planting material near heating devices for 1-2 days or in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Make sure that the seeds are not exposed to temperatures below 3 degrees and above 50 °C.
• Drying seeds. Facilitates sowing work, restoring the flowability of seed material.

After such procedures, the seeds are completely ready for sowing in open ground or for seedlings at home.

Broccoli for greenhouse cultivation

Late types of cabbage take root well in the Siberian climate. A good way to get a vegetable that can be stored for 2 months is to plant it in greenhouses. The heads are formed 70-90 days after planting the seedlings and 130-145 days after sowing the seeds. Late varieties have excellent resistance to temperature changes.

Cabbage selection

Siberian gardeners can organize a greenhouse in which broccoli will grow - the best varieties with average ripening periods for Siberia are the following:

• Lucky. A crop with good yield and large head weight - up to 900 g. The plant bears fruit 70 days after planting, resistant to powdery mildew;
• Continental. Produces fruits weighing almost 600 g. The round heads are distinguished by good transportability and a pleasant green color. When the main fruit is cut, 4 new ones are formed;
• Marathon. Not exposed to low temperatures, characterized by high yield (3.5 kg per bush). Tall shoots develop 80 days after placing the sprouted seeds in the ground; they contain heads weighing up to 1 kg. The vegetable is tasty when pickled;
• Calabrese. Mid-season variety with a dense turquoise-colored head weighing 400 g. Resistant to low temperature conditions;
• Arcadia. The harvest is harvested 110 days after sprouting. The head of dark green tubercles weighs 400 g, the fruits on the side shoots weigh no more than 70 g;
• Monterey. The variety, classified as mid-late-yielding, produces fruits weighing 1.5 kg. The central head of a dark green hue is formed by lateral branches.

When planting a plant in a greenhouse, it is important to take into account the temperature and humidity conditions.

Greenhouse organization

Greenhouse cultivation of broccoli in Siberian conditions allows you to guarantee a harvest in the summer. The temperature and daylight hours are regulated by the gardener. When working in greenhouses, it is necessary to follow agricultural techniques:

• Place the seedlings in the ground in mid-spring. Seeds are sown at the beginning of winter and are kept under special phytolamps;
• soil – loams and chernozems should be fertilized with organic and mineral mixtures;
• maintain the required temperature conditions - from +15C to +25C;
• thin out potted seedlings after leaf formation;
• Apply fertilizing no more than three times. Initially, the plant is fertilized with a mixture of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, the second time involves the introduction of nitrogen additives, the third feeding is similar to the first;
• Water the cabbage only in the morning.

Readiness for transplanting from peat pots into soil is determined by the color of the plants. The appearance of 4 green-purple shoots indicates that it is too early to replant the crop. Broccoli with light green leaves should be hardened off and then placed in soil without shaking the roots. The seedling needs to be compacted. A strict distance between shoots is maintained - 30 cm. The first watering is carried out after 7 days.

Features of caring activities

Cabbage grown in a greenhouse requires regular watering, loosening the soil and fertilizing. The duration of daylight hours should be from 14 to 17 hours. The temperature is maintained at 16 - 17 degrees, manure dissolved in water is added once every 14 days. The plant develops optimally at a humidity of 70-80%.

Broccoli: variety description and photo

In the 20th century, broccoli cultivation became popular in California, and the United States is now the world's largest producer of broccoli, which is also exported by India and China, France, Spain, Italy, Spain, Israel and Turkey.

On the outside, it is a cauliflower, with the difference that it has green rather than white florets. When the broccoli stem reaches a height of 0.6-0.9 m, flower stalks appear on it, completing dense clusters of green buds that form a small loose “cap”.

This “cap” is eaten before the flowers form. Yellowed buds are a sign that the vegetable is unsuitable for food. After the cabbage is cut, its side buds form new inflorescences, supporting the broccoli fruiting for months.

The vegetable’s popularity in Russian summer cottages is comparable to white and red cabbage, carrots, and beets. Agricultural technology for growing broccoli from seeds does not require extra effort, and if you follow simple recommendations, every summer resident can get a good harvest of such cabbage.

Broccoli for greenhouse cultivation

Late types of cabbage take root well in the Siberian climate. A good way to get a vegetable that can be stored for 2 months is to plant it in greenhouses. The heads are formed 70-90 days after planting the seedlings and 130-145 days after sowing the seeds. Late varieties have excellent resistance to temperature changes.

Cabbage selection

Siberian gardeners can organize a greenhouse in which broccoli will grow - the best varieties with average ripening periods for Siberia are the following:

• Lucky. A crop with good yield and large head weight - up to 900 g. The plant bears fruit 70 days after planting, resistant to powdery mildew;
• Continental. Produces fruits weighing almost 600 g. The round heads are distinguished by good transportability and a pleasant green color. When the main fruit is cut, 4 new ones are formed;
• Marathon. Not exposed to low temperatures, characterized by high yield (3.5 kg per bush). Tall shoots develop 80 days after placing the sprouted seeds in the ground; they contain heads weighing up to 1 kg. The vegetable is tasty when pickled;
• Calabrese. Mid-season variety with a dense turquoise-colored head weighing 400 g. Resistant to low temperature conditions;
• Arcadia. The harvest is harvested 110 days after sprouting. The head of dark green tubercles weighs 400 g, the fruits on the side shoots weigh no more than 70 g;
• Monterey. The variety, classified as mid-late-yielding, produces fruits weighing 1.5 kg. The central head of a dark green hue is formed by lateral branches.

When planting a plant in a greenhouse, it is important to take into account the temperature and humidity conditions.

Greenhouse organization

Greenhouse cultivation of broccoli in Siberian conditions allows you to guarantee a harvest in the summer. The temperature and daylight hours are regulated by the gardener. When working in greenhouses, it is necessary to follow agricultural techniques:

• Place the seedlings in the ground in mid-spring. Seeds are sown at the beginning of winter and are kept under special phytolamps;
• soil – loams and chernozems should be fertilized with organic and mineral mixtures;
• maintain the required temperature conditions - from +15C to +25C;
• thin out potted seedlings after leaf formation;
• Apply fertilizing no more than three times. Initially, the plant is fertilized with a mixture of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, the second time involves the introduction of nitrogen additives, the third feeding is similar to the first;
• Water the cabbage only in the morning.

Readiness for transplanting from peat pots into soil is determined by the color of the plants. The appearance of 4 green-purple shoots indicates that it is too early to replant the crop. Broccoli with light green leaves should be hardened off and then placed in soil without shaking the roots. The seedling needs to be compacted. A strict distance between shoots is maintained - 30 cm. The first watering is carried out after 7 days.

Features of caring activities

Cabbage grown in a greenhouse requires regular watering, loosening the soil and fertilizing. The duration of daylight hours should be from 14 to 17 hours. The temperature is maintained at 16 - 17 degrees, manure dissolved in water is added once every 14 days. The plant develops optimally at a humidity of 70-80%.

Botanical description

Broccoli (cavolo broccolis) is from the Brassica family. What does broccoli look like? The height of the plant varies from 30 to 70 centimeters. It has fleshy, shortened flowering shoots. As a result of selection, the flowers of this cabbage stopped producing seeds and many flower buds turned into tender breasts of bright green color; it is this part of the plant that is used in cooking. The broccoli leaf has a lobed-wavy shape, and the root system is branched. Fruiting time, depending on the region, is late June - early September.

Characteristics

First of all, it is necessary to note the taste qualities of this plant. The name “asparagus cabbage” is absolutely justified, since when cooked, broccoli tastes like asparagus. It is worth noting that broccoli tastes superior to cauliflower and is versatile in preparation. Broccoli can serve as an excellent side dish for meat, fish, poultry, egg and cheese dishes, and is good as a puree and in first courses.

In addition to taste, broccoli boasts a rich composition of vitamins, macro- and microelements.

It contains:

Physical characteristics: the plant is cold-resistant, loves moisture.

Early ripening

Early ripening varieties are considered to be broccoli varieties, the ripening period of which is 60 - 70 days.

Mid-season

Varieties whose ripening period begins on the 70th - 90th day of planting are considered mid-season.

Late ripening

Varieties that ripen after 90 days of planting are classified as late-ripening.

Red and stem broccoli

Broccoli is divided into three subspecies: classic, stem and red.

Red broccoli is a frost-resistant hybrid, distinguished by the unusual color of its inflorescences - brown. Belongs to late-ripening varieties.

Broccoli Purple Queen

Stem broccoli, also called Italian, is characterized by elongated stems on which small inflorescences form. This species is mid-season and suitable for freezing in cooking.

Broccoli asparagus cabbage

Popular varieties of classic broccoli

There are many varieties of broccoli, they differ from each other in their appearance and gastronomic properties.

Linda

Linda broccoli
This variety of broccoli is mid-season, harvesting occurs 80 days after planting. The mass of the head of cabbage in the aisles is 300 - 400 grams, the fruit inflorescences are dense, not too prominent. The Linda variety is characterized by high taste and has long established itself on the market as one of the best.

Dwarf

Broccoli cabbage Gnome The
Gnome variety is a mid-season variety; ripening occurs 75 - 80 days after planting. The heads of cabbage are quite weighty, the weight of one is from 400 to 600 grams. The inflorescences are almost the same size and have a bright green color. The taste of this variety is excellent. Any type of cooking is suitable.

Fortune

Broccoli cabbage Fortuna
Fortuna is a late-ripening variety; harvesting occurs 90 - 100 days after planting. Valued by gardeners for its unpretentiousness and frost resistance. The head of cabbage weighs 300 - 500 grams, the fruitful inflorescence is bright emerald in color. Gastronomic indicators are high.

Emperor

The variety is distinguished by its non-standard foliage shape. Emperor is a mid-season variety, harvesting occurs already in the third month of cultivation, the average weight is 300 grams. In addition to appearance, it is characterized by low yield, although the fruits have a high taste index.

Lucky

Broccoli cabbage Laki
Variety Laki is an early ripening variety; harvesting can be done within 70 - 75 days after planting in the ground. Very unpretentious, has high resistance to diseases. The heads of cabbage are compact, the weight of one is from 300 to 600 grams, the color of the fruiting inflorescences is silver-emerald. Taste indicators are high.

White cabbage

The cabbage variety is most often grown in Siberia. The vegetable is used for fermentation and pickling. It can be stored in this form for quite a long time. It is better to grow white cabbage varieties using the seedling method. It is not recommended to plant varieties in Siberian weather conditions directly with seeds in the ground.

Early varieties and hybrids

The best cabbage varieties for Siberia are early ripening ones. They manage to ripen before the onset of cold weather.

The early ripening varietal variety June makes it possible to harvest the first harvest 60-70 days after sowing. Its heads of cabbage are round, weighing on average 2.5 kg, with an average density. Grown in Siberia, this cabbage is considered one of the most resistant to cracking.

Stromboli F1

This Dutch-Israeli hybrid was included in the Russian State Register of Seeds only in 2015 and is so far sold only in bags of 1000 pieces. An obvious plus is that the seeds have already been treated with Thiram (fungicide).

Stromboli F1 is an early ripening and fairly large-fruited hybrid. Its inflorescences are very tasty and nutritious.

Beneficial features

Due to its beneficial composition and low calorie content, broccoli is included in the permitted menu of a huge number of diets. The unique properties of this vegetable include the fact that it protects blood vessels from damage caused by high blood sugar levels. So, the diet of diabetics and sweet tooths should definitely include broccoli.

This type of cabbage contains active substances that have the ability to have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the nervous system and heart. Broccoli also contains chlorophyll, which has a positive effect on blood composition. It is also worth noting the large amount of fiber that the plant contains. Thanks to this, broccoli has the ability to accumulate and then remove toxins and harmful substances from the body. Coarse fibers that are not digested help remove cholesterol from the intestines.

Broccoli also contains essential amino acids for the body, for example, serotonin, called the “happiness hormone”. Folic acid, which is found in vegetables, will be useful for women, as it resists early aging of the body and promotes the formation of new cells. In addition, broccoli contains beta-carotene and omega-3 fatty acids, which help remove bad cholesterol from the body, and they also improve heart function and normalize blood pressure.

Do not forget that broccoli contains calcium and other nutrients that are aimed at strengthening bones and teeth, which means that the vegetable will be useful for the elderly, children, pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Benefits and nutritional value

It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of a Mediterranean product

Broccoli is a dietary product; its calorie content is 34 kcal/100g. Vegetables are a real “vitamin-mineral cocktail” for the body, which contains macro- and microelements, vitamins B, PP, E, C, K, carotene (provitamin A). Proteins contain a number of essential amino acids, for which broccoli can compete with beef and chicken eggs. The main % comes from simple carbohydrates or sugars.

In terms of benefits and diverse chemical composition, broccoli occupies a leading position compared to its closest cabbage relatives. Used in baby food, useful for older people.

This is a means for the prevention and treatment of:

• atherosclerosis;
• vascular and heart diseases;
• nervous disorders;
• gastrointestinal diseases;
• malignant neoplasms;
• radiation sickness.

Broccoli has an excellent taste, reminiscent of green asparagus. Hence its second name – asparagus cabbage. And young leaves are not inferior in nutritional value to spinach and kale.

Broccoli has been part of the traditional Italian diet for 1.5 thousand years. A European eats up to 5 kg of healthy vegetables per year. There has been an increased demand for this variety of cabbage all over the world. In terms of consumption, it is only a fraction of a percent inferior to everyone’s favorite – white cabbage.

Early ripening varieties

"Batavia "F1"

This variety is included in the State Register as a mid-season variety, however, in most regions of Russia it ripens along with early types of broccoli cabbage. The leaves of this cabbage are green with a slight grayish tint. The edges are bubbly and wavy. The head has a round shape and is quite dense. The inflorescences are easily separated. The head can weigh up to 1.4 kg, and the side heads weigh about 250 grams. From planting seedlings in open ground to the ripening of the first inflorescences, approximately two months pass. The variety can also be grown directly by planting the seeds directly into the ground. In this case, disembarkation takes place no earlier than the last week of April. The yield is very good; from 1 m2 you can get up to 2.5 kg of cabbage. Batavia responds well to hot weather and is able to bear fruit until frost.

Important! After collection, it is better to eat the vegetable immediately, since it has a very short shelf life. Used for canning and freezing

"Linda"

This is one of the popular hybrids. In warm areas, the ripening period will be approximately 80–90 days, in other regions – about 100–105 days. The fruit is quite large, its weight can be up to 400 grams. Cabbage is rich green in color and elliptical in shape. Lateral inflorescences weighing about 55–70 grams each. Medium height bush. On one square meter of bed you can harvest up to 3 or 4 kg of broccoli. Sowing seeds for seedlings begins in mid-March and ends at the end of April. Plant the seeds in stages every ten days. The variety is rich in vitamins and iodine. They are eaten fresh and canned.

"Lord F1"

Incredibly tasty cabbage. With proper care you can achieve high yields. Sowing of seedlings is carried out from mid-March to mid-April. Broccoli is planted in open ground at the end of April. You can immediately plant the seeds in the garden. The leaves are corrugated, dark green in color. The stem is dense and strong. The head is round, slightly flattened, weighing about one and a half kilograms. The inflorescences are easily separated. Fruit maturity occurs after 2 months. This is a very good indicator for broccoli. Lateral inflorescences continue to form until late autumn, each weighing approximately 150–200 grams. About four kilograms of cabbage are harvested from 1 meter. Positively affects the condition of blood vessels and the heart.

Attention! Has high resistance to downy mildew

"Tone"

Broccoli variety "Tonus" is one of the most ancient. The weight of each head of cabbage is about 200 grams. The density of the inflorescences is average and tends to fade into color. The fruit has a brown tint. The lateral inflorescences reach up to 65 grams in weight, and the harvest is given in unison. Sowing of seeds begins in March. Transplantation into the ground is carried out from May, but at first the plant should be under temporary cover. Harvest begins towards the end of June. With proper care, fruiting can be extended until the first frost. Cabbage tastes great and is rich in vitamins and minerals. Suitable for freezing and canning. Productivity – no more than 2 kg of cabbage per 1 m2.

general characteristics

The plant is an annual, belongs to the cabbage family . It is a variety of cauliflower, from which it differs in the structure of the inflorescence (head), consisting of modified flower buds of green, purple or blue. It is for this head that broccoli is grown.

According to their height, plants are divided into low-growing (less than 60 cm), medium-growing (60 to 70 cm) and tall (more than 70 cm). The leaves also have different color options: from light or dark green to greyish, blue or bluish-purple shades. The surface of the leaves can be smooth, folded-wrinkled, or slightly wrinkled. The head can be round, cone-shaped, round-flat or flat.

Inflorescences with a convex shape are valued higher than those with a flat shape, since moisture does not remain on their surface, so the heads are less affected by fungal diseases

Compared to colored broccoli, it has a number of advantages - it ripens faster, does not require complex care, is able to grow in poor and not very fertile soils, and can withstand short-term frosts down to −7 ℃.

The plant is characterized by a high remontant ability - after cutting the upper inflorescence in the leaf axils, small lateral ones, as a rule, quickly grow, which allows you to harvest several times a season.

However, there are also problematic issues : cabbage of this type develops poorly and suffers from clubroot when grown on soils with an acidic reaction, and reacts negatively to lack of moisture and high air temperatures.

The following conditions are considered optimal: soil with a pH close to neutral (6.5-7.5), air temperature in the range of +16...25 ℃, humidity at 85%.

Broccoli has a high content of biologically active substances. The inflorescences contain vitamins C, K, E, group B, carotene, as well as trace elements - manganese, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron.

We present quantitative indicators of the vitamin content in broccoli in the table:

Broccoli has a low calorie content (34 kcal per 100 g of fresh product), contains fiber (2.6 g), protein (2.8 g), carbohydrates (6.6 g).

The vegetable retains its quality best when fresh, as well as when steamed and frozen.

Plants of the Brassica family contain glucoraphanin, which is a precursor of sulforaphane, which has antibacterial and anticarcinogenic properties. Particularly high concentrations of glucoraphanin are found in young broccoli sprouts. At the moment, research is ongoing on this substance, its effectiveness and prospects for use for treatment and prevention.

Growing: planting and care

Growing broccoli is quite a challenging task. Planting and caring for cabbage must be organized correctly so that the vegetable pleases you with a large and beautiful harvest.

First, you need to choose the variety of broccoli you will grow. It is best to give preference to early ripening varieties, since you can get a harvest from them much faster. Having decided on the variety, purchase seeds for seedlings and first soak them in a piece of cloth moistened with water. While the seeds are steeping, prepare the soil. To do this, mix turf, humus, a little sand and fresh ash. Be sure to make sure that the soil is loose enough, as seedlings do not like stagnant moisture. Exactly the same soil will need to be provided for broccoli when planting seedlings in the garden. Choose a place where there will be enough shade. Cabbage grows very poorly in constant heat; it needs coolness.

Until the plants get stronger, it is necessary to cover the seedlings at night. Although it can withstand frosts down to -7 degrees, broccoli cannot be frozen. The best time to transplant seedlings is late April - early May. You can get a harvest from such seedlings in August or September.

When planting plants in open soil, it is necessary to water them thoroughly with water. After this, watering should be reduced until the broccoli heads are set. At this moment, you need to water the cabbage more abundantly.

Particular attention should be paid to caring for broccoli, as there are a large number of pests that can ruin the harvest.

• To prevent cabbage from developing black spots, it is not recommended to plant it in places where other varieties of cabbage, as well as radishes and radishes, were already growing.
• To prevent slugs from ruining your broccoli, crush eggshells and sprinkle them on the ground around the cabbage.
• In order to protect the crop from the encroachments of caterpillars and butterflies, marigolds are planted next to the beds. Insects do not like the smell of these flowers, so they will not be able to spoil the broccoli.
• Sprinkle the soil in the beds with ash and pepper. This will help get rid of fleas that feed on young seedlings.

Harvesting is also an important part of gardening. Broccoli should be harvested when it is already ripe. It’s very easy to find out: the heads form two months after planting the seedlings, and ripen in a couple of days. You need to cut cabbage before it has time to bloom. In addition, this must be done correctly, without tearing the bush out of the ground, since broccoli forms new inflorescences on the side shoots after a few days.

Once you've harvested the ripe broccoli heads, freeze them or put them in the refrigerator to use for their intended purpose. After this, you can prepare delicious and healthy meals for the whole family.

Features of care

Correct and timely watering significantly increases the yield of vegetable crops

How to grow broccoli without much hassle? Caring for the “Italian” includes traditional gardening chores. It is necessary to place special emphasis on watering and controlling pests and diseases, since the tender leaves and tasty heads attract the attention of not only people.

In general, the vegetable adapts well to the continental climate of the Russian expanses, stoically enduring heat and cold, winds and sudden changes in weather. It is unpretentious and quite suitable for growing in Russian open spaces.

Biological features:

1. Illumination . Grows well in a bright, open place. In poor lighting, loose and small heads form, so it is best to position the bed from east to west
2. Temperature regime . Feels great in a moderate range from +16 to +20C. At elevated temperatures, the heads become loose and flower shoots appear. Withstands light frosts: -2C (young plants) and -7C (adult plants)
3. Watering and air humidity . Optimal soil moisture is 70% and air moisture is 80%. This regime can be created by sprinkling. In its absence, regular watering is necessary so that moisture penetrates to a depth of 15-20 cm, otherwise the asparagus cabbage will go to waste. On average, watering is carried out every other day, but it all depends on weather conditions. Automatic watering is convenient, which automatically waters deep layers of soil. It is useful to moisten the foliage and spray it
4. Soils . These are light, moisture-intensive, nutrient-rich formulations with neutral acidity. Deep topsoil guarantees good root growth
5. Weeding and loosening . Held regularly. Allows you to destroy the soil crust and get rid of a number of pests that readily move from weeds to cabbage
6. Feeding . A minimum of three feedings are recommended, aimed at the growth of the ground part and the formation of the head. When the central part is cut off, the growth of the lateral parts is stimulated with the help of fertilizers.
7. Hilling up . When the inflorescence begins to form, hilling is carried out, raking a layer of earth under the bush. This stimulates the growth of additional roots.

Growing Broccoli

Do not pull out the plant after removing the main head. It will take some time for the lateral inflorescences to appear from the axillary shoots. This will bring additional harvest. Their development and formation do not require shading, like cauliflower.

Other diseases

If the plant turns yellow and dries out after a while, then the leaves affected by fungi of the genus fusarium (fusarium) should be immediately removed and burned outside the summer cottage.

The cabbage fly causes great harm to the crop. This two-winged insect lays eggs in the soil at the beginning of spring. After a week, larvae appear and eat the root system, and the plant may die.

To combat this cabbage pest, you should purchase the organophosphorus compound thiophos from a specialized store, dilute it with water according to the instructions and water the soil around the crop at a rate of 250 grams per bush.

Diseases and pests control

Like other plants, broccoli is at risk of contracting a variety of diseases. In addition to diseases, broccoli is also exposed to pests. But despite such suspiciousness of the plant, illnesses can be avoided and overcome.

Insects

A number of insects can parasitize broccoli. Each of these pests can cause irreparable damage to the plant and leave you without a harvest.

• Cabbage moth: most dangerous in the caterpillar stage. The green caterpillar reaches 1 centimeter in length, its main goal is to gnaw on foliage and lay offspring after transformation. Chemicals are used in the fight.
• Cabbage spring fly: most dangerous in the larval stage. Due to the fact that the larvae themselves hatch on the ground, they penetrate into the interior of the plant, even penetrating into the fruits. To prevent this, it is necessary to carry out prevention against attacks.
• Thrips: Each variety of this pest causes damage to broccoli. Thrips often infect foliage; they pierce the leaf blade in order to suck the juice out of it. During this process, the foliage becomes deformed and there is a risk of disease infection. Only strong chemicals will help in the fight.
• Cruciferous flea beetle: one of the most important pests of broccoli. A beetle with a black pearlescent shell makes holes in the foliage because it feeds on the leaf blade. This pest can significantly reduce the quality of the crop. To combat it, you can use both folk and chemical remedies.
• Slug: Considered very dangerous to many crops. If you notice that the foliage and fruits are gnawed, then this is the work of a slug. Slugs can simply destroy not only broccoli, but also neighboring crops. All measures to combat this parasite are carried out in the evening and at night.

Fungal infections

The causative agent of such diseases is a fungus. Broccoli is susceptible to the following diseases:

• Ashworm: characterized by the appearance of a silvery coating; the development of the disease is facilitated by warm weather and airborne moisture accumulation. Treatment is carried out with chemicals.
• Downy mildew: characterized by the appearance of a yellowish-brown coating. The disease can develop due to too wet weather. The disease can be overcome with the help of chemicals.

Bacterial infections

Broccoli can also be affected by infections caused by bacteria. These include diseases such as:

• Vascular bacteriosis: characterized by a rapid change in the color of the foliage; black stripes-vessels can be seen inside it. The disease can lead to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the crop. Development is favored by wet weather. Chemicals are used in fighting.
• Mucous bacteriosis: manifests itself in two ways. With the first, the fruit begins to rot from the inside, the second - with the foliage. Warm and humid weather contributes to the development of the disease. Various fungicides are used in the fight.

Vascular bacteriosis

Viral infections

Broccoli is susceptible to a viral disease called turnip mosaic. It is transmitted by pests and sometimes may have no external signs. During an external examination, you can notice something like drawings, and during an internal examination, you can identify black layers. There is no fight against the disease as such, but preventive measures need to be taken against pests.