Bee moth: lifestyle of a dangerous hive pest, prevention of parasitism

Representatives of the Pied family are slender, agile beetles with brightly colored elytra. The number of species scattered around the world reaches 3,500. The greatest diversity of insects is observed in the tropical zone; about 50 species of pieds are known in Russia. In nature they are predators. Adults and larvae actively hunt hymenoptera and their offspring. A typical species is the bee moth. At the larval stage, insects penetrate the hives, where they destroy brood and weak bees.

ORIGINALLY RUSSIAN PRODUCT

“My story is quite simple, beekeeping is a family business, my great-grandfather and grandfather did this, and today my father and I maintain a stationary apiary in the taiga forest not far from Chuguevka,” says Vladislav Yuryevich.
– You can say that bees have surrounded me since childhood. A bright picture of the early years - an apiary, heat, milk, soft white bread and fresh fragrant honey. When I, a boy, was first entrusted with moving the frames from the hive to the honey extractor - an important final stage! – emotions went wild! – Was there any question about choosing a profession?

“I’ve come a long way before returning to my roots.” Received a philological education, specialty “state municipal administration of national security”. He became almost a city resident, having worked for several years as a civil servant. When the contracts ended, I again felt drawn to my small homeland, where I had long planned to thoroughly engage in beekeeping. I had no illusions about this: any business related to agriculture is a huge amount of work and takes a lot of time. There are many difficult moments, but if you are sick of bees and honey, you get more pleasure than negativity. At the moment, we support 70 bee colonies and produce up to 3,500 tons of honey per year.

– In the middle of winter, where do you hide your charges?

– During the cold season, bee colonies are in the winter hut. They enter a state of suspended animation, huddling together in one ball, which moves around the hive, consuming honey. With the onset of spring, the club disintegrates, the queen lays eggs, and hatches the future generation of bees. At this time we move the bees outside. Painstaking and rather specific work begins on the development of the bee colony; our task is to increase the strength of the hive. And the honey collection time in the Chuguev apiary lasts from the end of June to August. The main honey plant is linden; it is known that linden honey is a signature product of the Primorsky Territory.

– How has the year of coronavirus affected honey supplies?

– It’s impossible to say that our affairs have become worse. We lost the tourist, Chinese sales market, but found ways to sell the product locally. We received a lot of help in this from the governor of the region, the My Business support center for entrepreneurship, and the chairman of the Primorsky Union of Beekeepers, Ramil Enikeev. Festivals, fairs, agricultural markets... During the quarantine period, the Internet was actively connected.

I am convinced that first we need to learn how to sell a quality product in Russia. Despite the fact that honey is originally ours, Slavic, unfortunately, today the culture of its consumption is declining. And in order to actively export, considerable additional funds are needed. Increasing bee colonies, building processing facilities, improving product quality to international standards. According to my calculations, this will require about 25 million rubles for our farm alone.

List of deterrents

How to poison bees? Currently, there are many effective bee repellent products on the market. The most effective include:

• Avant. The action is aimed at destroying the queen bee. Worker bees will bring poison for the queen inside the nest with food. After its death, the swarm will leave its chosen area;
• Medilits-Ziper, due to the cypermethrin included in its composition, allows you to instantly exterminate a large number of bees;
• Delta zone is distinguished among drugs by its low price. In addition, the complete safety of the drug on the human body has been proven. Its effect on bees is achieved through prolonged exposure for two days.

In conclusion, it can be said that, being beneficial pollinating insects, bees can be a nuisance to human settlements. In this regard, the question arises of how to get rid of uninvited guests. Planting some plants unattractive to bees will protect the area from their encroachments.

If the area is heavily populated by bees, you should contact a special pest control service. If it is impossible to call a specialist, observing safety rules when working with toxic substances, you can make independent attempts to poison bees using purchased insecticides.

Feathered

The death of bees is not only the result of insects. Birds are also not averse to feasting on striped “hard workers”. Not all species prefer to hunt bees. However, it is the birds that cause the greatest harm.

European bee-eater

European bee-eater

The golden bee-eater is a small bird that attracts visitors with its bright plumage and large beak. It seems to be a cute and beautiful creature. But behind the beauty lies the terrible gluttony of this bird. One bee-eater can destroy approximately 1 thousand insects daily.

European bee eater

Representatives are distinguished by their two-tone brown color. The size of the bird is about 60 cm. They hunt in flocks, attacking bees in the opposite direction, destroying them in large numbers.

Gray Shrike

Gray Shrike

The gray shrike eats mainly pollen collectors. Its length is approximately 30 cm, the color is dark gray with white accents on the abdomen and shoulders. Birds settle close to the apiary.

Pied beetle (Thanasimus formicarius)

Another useful beetle is the ant beetle (other names are ant beetle and bark beetle). Among pied beetles, not all species are beneficial. For example, the bee moth (common bee beetle) is a pest beetle, because destroys bee larvae and pupae, and sometimes adult insects.

The ant moth, unlike its brother, is a welcome guest in any garden and forest. It hunts for bark beetles, eating adults, pupae, larvae, and eggs. If on the path of an ant beetle there are tar beetles, borers, longhorned beetles or horntails, then it destroys these tree pests as well.

Pied beetle larva

It is not difficult to recognize the Pied Beetle: its red and black elytra with two white bands immediately catch the eye. The size of the insect ranges from 5 to 10 mm. But it is unlikely that you will be able to see the pinkish ant beetle larva, because... it hides and exterminates pests (larvae are also predators) under the bark of trees.

Timing and process of formation of bee colonies

A beehive is a separate, interesting world, with a special hierarchy

Here each bee occupies an important place and brings benefits to its family

To obtain honey in good quantities, every novice beekeeper must first of all know how bees reproduce and develop.

There are three types of bees in each hive:

1. The queen of the hive is the queen bee. Its main function is the production of new individuals.
2. Working insects - these individuals produce honey and care for the new brood, queen and drones.
3. Drones are male individuals whose main task is to fertilize the uterus.

Structure and function of the uterus

Only the uterus has a developed reproductive system for breeding offspring. She has two developed pear-shaped ovaries. Their narrow end is directed towards the head, and the wide part is located towards the end of the belly.

The ovaries contain special tubes. It is in them that the eggs mature, which the queen lays in the honeycomb.

The average number of pipes per individual is three to four hundred. Accordingly, the more there are, the richer the offspring the queen will produce.

When the eggs are ready to be laid, they move from the ovaries into wider tubes called oviducts. They consist of two paired and one unpaired.

Between them there is a special “bag” with fairly dense walls. It stores sperm obtained during mating. The seed stored in it remains usable and can be used for four years.

Structure and function of drones

Drones are males. They fertilize the queen and help maintain the optimal temperature in the hive for the development of new offspring. But they are not able to defend themselves, since they do not have a sting. Instead, there is a genital organ.

Drones have a well-developed reproductive system. It consists of paired testes and seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, accessory gland and copulatory apparatus.

The production of germ cells occurs in the testes and tubules. The tubules then flow into the vas deferens, which forms the seminal vesicle.

The vas deferens itself ends near the accessory gland. It consists of a shell with well-developed muscle layers. This is necessary so that during mating, under the pressure of the walls, the contents of the gland enter the ejaculatory canal.

The drone copulatory apparatus is a complex organ system designed for fertilization of the uterus. Consists of the ejaculatory canal, bulb, neck, male organ with two horns.

The ejaculatory duct is a long tube, elastic, but without muscles. At the end it forms an onion, with a special secret.

Behind it is the neck of the genital organ. The front part of the neck forms a hollow fold - a feathery appendage.

Behind the neck is the base of the penis; two dense protrusions (horns) extend from it. This structure helps the drone hold the queen during mating and protect itself from being pricked by her sting.

On days 10-14 of their lives, young drones fly out of the hive in search of a queen to mate with.

Functions of worker bees

Most of the hive's population consists of worker bees. These are females with underdeveloped genitals, so they cannot mate with drones. But if the queen dies in the hive, then the workers are able to lay unfertilized eggs, from which drones will emerge. And they will now be called tinders.

The life expectancy of the working population is usually not long due to heavy physical activity.

During the honey harvest season, the life expectancy is about eight weeks.

The duties of worker bees include

1. Collecting pollen and nectar from flowers
2. Preparation of honey, propolis and bee bread
3. Maintaining a comfortable temperature for the offspring.
4. They care for and feed the queen, drones and larvae.
5. The honeycomb is prepared for the queen to lay eggs.
6. Clean the hive from dust and dirt.
7. They build new honeycombs, thicken the walls with wax.
8. Insulate the hive for the winter season, coat the cracks with propolis.
9. They bring water.
10. Monitor the number of eggs in clutches.

All these functions are clearly divided between different types of insects. Therefore, they are divided into hive and field individuals.

Hives are young bees under 3 weeks of age. They are responsible for maintaining cleanliness and temperature in the hive, caring for the queen, drones and offspring.

Field bees fly for nectar, pollen and water. This division is due to the fact that in older individuals the wax glands work more actively, which makes flights to the fields more productive.

With the onset of the autumn period, this division of labor disappears.

Methods of combating bee moth

It is impossible to prevent the infestation of a bee house by bee beetle larvae.

But there are several effective prevention tips that allow the beekeeper to save a swarm of bees:

• Bee houses and surrounding areas must be kept clean. All generated debris must be removed in a timely manner, which will help get rid of the parasites living in it.
• When caring for bees, you must follow the recommendations of specialists.
• It is necessary to systematically inspect and repair hives. In this case, the moth beetle beetles will not be able to lay eggs in them.
• It is necessary to maintain strong families with a minimum number of weakened individuals.

Conclusion

Adult representatives of the bee moth group do not pose any threat to humans.

Insects are even useful because they actively destroy all kinds of insects, which leads to a decrease in the number of phytophages.

But for apiary owners, they are dangerous enemies. Just a few beetle larvae can completely destroy a weak bee colony.

How are bees different from wasps?

Despite the apparent similarity, there are many differences between bees and wasps. They can be found in appearance, lifestyle and behavior.

Compared to the round body of a bee, the wasp has a more elongated and longer shape. It has a minimum of hairs (they are completely absent on the abdomen). The chest area is constricted. The color is yellow-black striped, but much brighter and more noticeable than that of bees.

For a bee, working hard for the benefit of the colony, the hive, is the meaning of life. They collect nectar, pollinate plants, produce honey, and make honeycombs from the wax they produce.

The structure of the wasp's body is not designed to produce any valuable substances. They build nests from various materials, for example, old wood. The diet of wasps is more varied, it includes nectar, fruits, and other small insects.

Comparison of wasp and bee

The bee attacks the enemy only if it senses some kind of threat or attacks in response. Insects in one colony constantly take care of the queen.

Wasps have a more aggressive, predatory character. They can sting at any time. The wasp's sting has a different structure, so it can attack an unlimited number of times without causing damage to itself. A wasp can also bite using its jaw apparatus.

Among wasps there are also social and solitary species. However, in aspen society, the queen provides for herself independently and also actively participates in the construction of the nest.

In addition, bees have a clear place in the classification and have a scientific definition. Any representatives of stinging stalked-bellied insects that do not belong to ants or bees can be called wasps.

Ground beetle (Carabidae)

Ground beetles are one of the most numerous families of beetles on the planet. According to some reports, the number of species of this insect reaches 50 thousand; more than 3 thousand species live in Russia. The forest ground beetle (its other name is the garden ground beetle) is found most often in summer cottages.

Due to the wide variety of species, it is difficult to unambiguously describe the appearance of the beetle. Most often, ground beetles are dark in color; in some species, the elytra have a metallic sheen. The sizes also vary greatly: there are very tiny individuals, whose length is slightly more than 1 mm, and there are 10-centimeter giants. On average, the body length of ground beetles that live in the middle zone reaches 2-4 cm.

Despite the presence of wings, most species of ground beetles fly very poorly, and some lack this ability altogether. These beetles move with the help of their thin and rather long legs, and they do it very quickly.

Ground beetle larva

Only some species of ground beetles are phytophagous, i.e. eat plant foods. The bulk of insects are predators, both adult beetles and larvae. Due to this feature, ground beetles are used as biological protection agents for crops against pests.

Ground beetles happily eat caterpillars, slugs, snails, aphids, sawflies, as well as eggs, pupae and larvae of various insect pests. In a word, the ground beetle is one of the main assistants of the summer resident. She stands day and night (some species are more active during the day, while others are nocturnal) to protect your crop.

Scaffold composition

The seal contains:

• beeswax;
• comb honey;
• propolis;
• pollen;
• salivary gland enzymes.

Any of these components individually has great medicinal value, and together their effectiveness is enhanced many times over.

The list of “chemical” components looks more impressive:

• vitamins of various groups;
• fat, protein;
• resins, carbohydrates;
• enzymes;
• esters, balms;
• sugar, etc.

The composition of the pellets includes substances that are practically absent in honey itself. One of them is lysozyme. This is an enzyme that provides antibacterial protection to all bees. In the human body, it is responsible for the activity of local immunity, blocks infections in the main areas: eyeballs, nasopharynx, skin, genitals, bronchi, lungs.

The safest natural products with a high concentration of lysozyme are breast milk and bee pellets. Honey, after trimming the cap, contains only five percent enzyme, but signet contains about 90. This is because it has a light specific gravity. In the cell it is collected at the top and when cut it remains on the lid.

If we calculate the concentration of lysozyme, we get the following picture: the substance in signet is 20 times more than in honeycombs, and 150 times more than in honey. Honey products contain many substances that have not yet been determined or identified. Science has not yet solved this mystery.

Notes

1. [www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id9992/ BioLib] Profil taxonu druh pestrokrovečník včelový Trichodes apiarius
   (Linnaeus, 1758)
2. ↑ 1 2 Striganova B. R., Zakharov A. A.
   Five-language dictionary of animal names: Insects (Latin-Russian-English-German-French) / Ed. Doctor of Biology sciences, prof. B. R. Striganova. - M.: RUSSO, 2000. - P. 124. - 1060 copies. — ISBN 5-88721-162-8.
3. Gorbunov P. Yu., Olshvang V. N.
   Beetles of the Middle Urals: A reference guide. - Ekaterinburg: “Socrates”, 2008. - P. 172. - 384 p.

Structure of a honey bee

The honey bee is the name of a species of small worker that produces honey. According to taxonomic classification and systematics, it belongs to the phylum Arthropods, the class of insects and the order Hymenoptera. The international name in Latin is Apis mellifera. There are about 30 subspecies of honey bees, including the gray mountain Caucasian, Alpine and Ukrainian steppe bees.

External structure

A bee is an insect that is easy to distinguish from its relatives. Thanks to the black and yellow stripes on the body, this insect is easily recognizable.

The bee's body consists of three parts - the head, thorax and abdomen, which makes it similar to other hymenoptera, such as wasps and ants. These parts are connected by a membrane almost invisible to the naked eye. Thanks to the narrowness of this membrane, the expression “wasp waist” appeared. In worker bees the abdomen is divided into 6 segments, and in drones into 7.

Bees have practically no internal skeleton, like animals at the next stages of classification. The support of their body is the external skeleton - the exoskeleton, represented by the cuticle. In bees, it is of an arthropod type and is built from polysaccharide-protein fibrillar components.

Structure of the mouth of a honey bee:

• the upper lip is an unpaired part of the oral apparatus, connected to the clypeus (the anterior upper part of the head, consisting of chitin);
• mandibles or mandibles - upper paired jaws, necessary for tearing off parts of the flower and for building nests;
• proboscis - formed by the lower jaws (maxillae) and lower lip.

Description of the bee's sense organs:

• Vision. Insects have large compound eyes on their heads. They consist of many small eyes - ommatidia - there are 4000-5000 in a worker bee, 3000-4000 in a queen bee, and 8000-10000 in a drone. On the crown there are simple eyes with one lens - ocellia.
• Touch. The role of the organ of touch is played by the hairs that cover the body of the insect.
• Taste and smell. Taste and olfactory receptors are located on the proboscis, antennae and even on the paws.
• Hearing. Bees perceive sound using organs located on their legs.

To move, bees have 2 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings. The wing is a thin plate, the movement of which is possible thanks to the coordinated work of muscles and tendons. In the photo you can see a diagram of the body structure of the European honey bee.

Internal structure of a bee

The internal skeleton is represented by a tentorium - chitinous beams on which muscles and tendons are attached. They provide movement of the head, antennae, legs and wings.

Honeybees, like other social insects, have a well-developed nervous system, consisting of a brain and a ventral nerve cord. In the structure of the brain, large mushroom-shaped bodies are distinguished; they process the information received from the analyzers. Mushroom bodies enable learning and memory. The ventral nerve cord consists of:

• subpharyngeal nerve ganglion;
• 3 thoracic nodes;
• 11 abdominal nodes.

The digestive system is represented by the following sections:

1. Front. It includes the pharynx, esophagus and honey crop. Food first enters the pharynx through the proboscis, passes through the esophagus located in the chest, and ends up in the honey crop. A honey craw is a small reservoir with a volume of 14 cubic millimeters, which, when filled with honey or nectar, increases 3-4 times.
2. Midgut. It is the main organ of digestion.
3. Hindgut. This is where the remains of undigested food accumulate and are expelled.

The role of blood is played by hemolymph, which circulates through the vessels and cavities of the insect. If in vertebrates, including mammals, oxygen is carried by hemoglobin, which contains iron, then in insects, the carrier is hemocyanin, which contains copper.

Hymenoptera have a heart, which is a long tube running along the back. It contracts 60-70 times per minute, and during flight the heart rate increases to 150 beats. Another significant blood tube is the aorta.

Bees breathe using spiracles - the openings of the trachea, which are located throughout the body. 3 pairs of spiracles are on the chest, and 6 pairs are on the abdomen.

In the back of the abdomen there are 2 poisonous glands that secrete a clear bitter liquid, a reservoir for poison and a sting. Bee venom is one of the valuable beekeeping products.

Taxonomy

Belongs to the superfamily Cleroidea Latreille, 1802 from the series of families Cucujiformia, = Chrysomelomorpha.

Classification

After Opitz (2010) with additions

Clerinae Latreille, 1802

• Allonyx
  Jacquelin du Val, 1860
• Anthicoclerus
  Schenkling, 1906
• Aphelocerus
• Aphelochroa
  Quedenfeldt, 1885
• Apopempsis
  Schenkling, 1903
• Apteroclerus
  Wollaston, 1867
• Aptinoclerus
  Kuwert, 1893
• Aradamicula
  Sedlacek & Winkler, 1975
• † Arawakis
  (fossil)
• Astigmus
  Kuwert, 1894
• Aulicus
  spinola, 1841
• Axina
  Kirby, 1818
• Balcus
• Barriella
  Opitz, 2003
• Barrotillus
  Rifkind, 1996
• Blaxima
  Gorham, 1882
• Bousquetoclerus
  Menier, 1997
• Burgeoneus
  Pic, 1950
• Caestron
  Dupont in Spinola, 1844
• Calendyma
  Lacordaire, 1857
• Canariclerus
  Winkler, 1982
• Cardiostichus
  Quedenfeldt, 1885
• Caridopus
  Schenkling in Sjöstedt, 1908
• Cleromorpha
  Gorham, 1876
• Cleropiestus
  Fairmaire, 1889
• Clerus
  Fabricius, 1775
• Clytomadius
  Corporaal, 1949
• Colyphus
  spinola, 1841
• Coptoclerus
  Chapin, 1924
• Cormodes
  Pascoe, 1860
• Corynommadius
  Schenkling, 1899
• Ctenaxina
  Schenkling, 1906
• Ctenoclerus
  Solervicens, 1997
• Dasyceroclerus
  Kuwert, 1894
• Dasyteneclines
  Pic, 1941
• Dieropsis
  Gahan, 1908
• Dologenitus
  Opitz, 2009
• Dozocolletus
  Chevrolat, 1842
• Eburiphora
  spinola, 1841
• Eburneoclerus
  Pic, 1950
• Ekisius
  Winkler, 1987
• Eleale
  Newman, 1840
• Enoclerus
  Gahan, 1910
• Epiclines
  Chevrolat in Guérin-Ménéville, 1839
• Eunatalis
  Schenkling, 1909
  Eunatalis porcata

Enopliinae Gistel, 1856

(sometimes in Korynetinae)

• Antigodera
• Apolopha
  spinola, 1841
• Corinthiscus
  Fairmaire & Germain, 1861
• Cregya
  LeConte, 1861
• Curacavi
• Enoplium
  Latreille, 1802
• Exochonotus
• Hubella
• Lasiodera
  Gray in Griffith, 1832
• ? Muisca
  (or Enopliinae)
• Neopylus
  Solervicens, 1989
• Paracregya
• Pelonium
• Phymatophaea
  Pascoe, 1876
• Platynoptera
  Chevrolat, 1834
• Pseudichnea
  Schenkling, 1900
• Pylus
  Newman, 1840
• Pyticara
  Spinola, 1841 (including
  Pelonides
  )
• Teneroides
  Gahan, 1910
• Tenerus
  Laporte de Castelnau, 1836
• Thriocerodes
  Wolcott & Dybas, 1947

Epiclininae Gunther et al. 2013

• Epiclines
  Chevrolat (7 spp., Argentina, Chile)
• Calendyma
  Lacordaire (3 spp., Argentina, Chile)
• Eleale
  Newman (59 spp., Australia)
• Cleromorpha
  Westwood (1 sp., Australia)

Epiphloeinae Kuwert, 1893

(sometimes in Korynetinae)

• Acanthocollum
• Amboakis
• Decaphloeus
• Decorosa
  Opitz, 2008
• Diapromeces
  Opitz, 1997
• Ellipotoma
  spinola, 1844
• Epiphloeus
  spinola, 1841
• Hapsidopteris
  Opitz, 1997
• Ichnea
  Laporte de Castelnau, 1836
• Iontoclerus
  Opitz, 1997
• Katamyurus
  Opitz, 1997
• Madoniella
  Pic, 1935
• Megaphloeus
  Opitz, 2010
• Megatrachys
  Opitz, 1997
• Opitzius
  Barr, 2006
• Parvochaetus
  Opitz, 2006
• Pennasolis
  Opitz, 2008
• Pericales
• Pilosirus
  Opitz, 1997
• Plocamocera
  spinola, 1844
• Pteroferus
• Pyticeroides
  Kuwert, 1894
• Silveirasia
• Stegnoclava
• Turbophloeus

Hydnocerinae Spinola, 1844

(including Phyllobaeninae)

• Abrosius
  Fairmaire, 1902
• Achlamys
  COWaterhouse, 1879
• Allelidea
  G.R.Waterhouse, 1839
• Blaesiophthalmus
  Schenkling, 1903
• Brachycallimerus
  Chapin, 1924
• Brachyptevenus
• Callimerus
  Gorham, 1876
• Cephaloclerus
  Kuwert, 1893
• Cucujocallimerus
  Pic, 1929
• Emmepus
  Motschulsky, 1845
• Eurymetopum
  Blanchard, 1842
• Isohydnocera
  Chapin, 1917
• Isolemidia
  Gorham, 1877
• Laiomorphus
  Pic, 1927
• Lasiocallimerus
  Corporaal, 1939
• Lemidia
  spinola, 1841
• Neohydnus
  Gorham, 1892
• Parmius
  Sharp, 1877
• Paupris
  Sharp, 1877
• Phyllobaenus
  Dejean, 1837
• Silviella
  Solervicens, 1987
• Solemidia
• Stenocallimerus
  Corporaal & Pic, 1940
• Theano
  Laporte de Castelnau, 1836
• Wolcottia
  Chapin, 1917

Korynetinae Laporte, 1836

(previously, Korynetinae according to Kolibac, 1997 included Enopliinae, Epiphloeinae, Korynetinae, Neorthopleurinae, Peloniinae, Tarsosteninae)

• Chariessa
  Perty in Spix & Martius, 1830 (or Enopliinae)
• Korynetes
  Herbst, 1792
  Korynetes caeruleus
  – Steely Blue Beetle

Neorthopleurinae Opitz, 2009

• Agaphalera
  Opitz
• Allochotes
  Westwood
• Dermestoides
  (or Enopliinae)
• Kataspinula
  Opitz
• Lebasiella
  spinola
• Loedelia
  Lucas
• Patuleius
  Fairmaire
• Rifkindius
  Opitz
• Romanaeclerus
  Winkler

Tarsoteninae Jacquelin du Val, 1860

(sometimes in Korynetinae) Apopylus]]

• Apteropilo
• Fallopylus
• Neopylus
• Parapylus
• Paratillus
  Gorham, 1876
• Pseudopylus
• Pylus
• Tarsostenodes
  Blackburn, 1900
• Tarsotenus
  spinola, 1844

Thaneroclerinae Chapin, 1924

(or in the status of family Thanerocleridae according to Kolibac, 1992 includes Isoclerini, Thaneroclerini, Zenodosini)

• Abana
• Cleridopsis
  Champion, 1913
• Compactoclerus
  Pic, 1939
• Cyrtinoclerus
  Chapin, 1924
• Isoclerus
  Lewis, 1892
• Meprinogenus
  Kolibač, 1992
• Neoclerus
  Lewis, 1892
• Onerunka
  Kolibáč
• Thaneroclerus
  Lefebvre, 1838
• Viticlerus
• Zenodosus
  Wolcott, 1910

Tillinae Leach, 1815

• Antenius
  Fairmaire, 1903
• Arachnoclerus
  fairmaire, 1902
• Araeodontia
  Barr, 1952
• Archalius
  Fairmaire, 1903
• Aroterus
  Schenkling, 1906
• Basilewskyus
  Pic, 1950
• Biflabellotillus
  Pic, 1949
• Bilbotillus
  Kolibac, 1997
• Bogcia
  Barr, 1978
• Bostrichoclerus
  Van Dyke, 1938
• Callotillus
  Wolcott, 1911
• Ceratocopus
  Hintz, 1902
• Chilioclerus
  Solervicens, 1976
• Cladiscopallenis
  Pic, 1949
• Cladiscus
  Chevrolat, 1843
• Cladomorpha
  Pic, 1949
• Cteniopachys
  fairmaire, 1889
• Cylidroctenus
  Kraatz, 1899
• Cylidrus
  Latreille, 1825
• Cymatodera
  Gray in Griffith, 1832
• Cymatoderella
  Barr, 1962
• Dedana
  Fairmaire, 1888
• Denops
  Fischer von Waldheim, 1829
• Diplocladus
  Fairmaire, 1885
• Diplopherus
  Heller, 1921
• Eburneocladiscus
  Pic, 1955
• Egenocladiscus
  Corporaal & van der Wiel, 1949
• Elasmocylidrus
  Corporaal, 1939
• Enoploclerus
  Hintz, 1902
• Eucymatodera
  Schenkling, 1899
• Falsopallenis
  Pic, 1926
• Falsotillus
  Gerstmeier & Kuff, 1992
• Flabellotilloidea
  Gerstmeier & Kuff, 1992
• Gastrocentrum
  Gorham, 1876
• Gracilotillus
  Pic, 1933
• Impressopallenis
  Pic, 1953
• Isocymatodera
  Hintz, 1902
• Lecontella
  Wolcott & Chapin, 1918
• Leptoclerus
  Kraatz, 1899
• Liostylus
  Fairmaire, 1886
• Macroliostylus
  Pic, 1939
• Magnotillus
  Pic, 1936
• Melanoclerus
  Chapin, 1919
• Microtillus
  Pic, 1950
• Monophylla
  spinola, 1841
• Neocallotillus
  Burke, 2016
• Nodepus
  Gorham, 1892
• Notocymatodera
  Schenkling, 1907
• Onychotillus
  Chapin, 1945
• Orthocladiscus
  Corporaal & van der Wiel, 1949
• Pallenis
  Laporte de Castelnau, 1836
• Paracladiscus
  Miyatake, 1965
• Paradoxocerus
  Kraatz, 1899
• Paraspinoza
  Corporaal, 1942
• Philocalus
  Klug, 1842
• Picoclerus
  Corporaal, 1936
• † Prospinoza
  (fossils)
• Pseudachlamys
  Duvivier, 1892
• Pseudogyponix
  Pic, 1939
• Pseudopallenis
  Kuwert, 1893
• Pseudoteloclerus
  Pic, 1932
• Rhopaloclerus
  Fairmaire, 1886
• † Shartegopsis
  (fossils)
• Smudlotillus
  Kolibac, 1997
• Spinoza
  Lewis, 1892
• Stenocylidrus
  spinola, 1844
• Strotocera
  Schenkling, 1902
• Synellapotillus
  Pic, 1939
• Synellapus
  fairmaire, 1903
• Teloclerus
  Schenkling, 1903
• Tilloclerus
  White, 1849
• Tillodadiscus
  Pic, 1953
• Tillodenops
  Hintz, 1905
• Tilloidea
  Laporte de Castelnau, 1832
• Tillus
  Olivier, 1790
• Tylotosoma
  Hintz, 1902

Bee-eater

Which bird is the most dangerous? Schur is a beautiful bird, small in size. An adult is just over 25 centimeters. The European bee-eater is the most voracious of all existing birds. She eats bees. Only 10 percent out of a hundred other insects are present in the bird’s diet. If we speak in exact numbers, then in one day the predator destroys from 700 to 1000 heads.

Meals are provided on the fly. The bee-eater does not react to bee stings. They settle in colonies. To do this, minks are dug along the edges of rivers or ravines, where they soon settle. Before departure, all burrows are sealed with clay. Upon returning, the hole opens and is populated.

Fire beetle (Cantharidae)

Another red-and-black helper at the dacha is the firefighter beetle from the Myagkotelki family (these beetles are often called soft-bodied beetles).

Adults are diurnal. They can be seen on plants, where they sit and wait for prey. Firefighter beetles happily eat flies, small caterpillars, aphids, scale insects, and destroy insect eggs. If it happens that the number of beetles exceeds the amount of food, firefighters can change the diet and switch to plant food - buds and ovaries. However, this happens extremely rarely.

Fire beetle larva

Soft-bodied larvae, like adults, are also predators. However, they lead a more secretive lifestyle: they live in fallen leaves, the top layer of soil, under the bark of trees, under stones. Fire beetle larvae feed on worms, slugs, centipedes, larvae and eggs of other insects.

Measures to protect and prevent bites

As a rule, a bee sting does not have serious consequences for human health. However, acute pain, swelling and redness cause a lot of inconvenience. In addition, it is possible to develop an allergic reaction to bee waste products (honey, propolis, wax).

Do not crush attacking bees

How can you protect yourself from bees? To protect yourself from bee stings, you should follow some rules:

• Wear clothes that do not have folds that could trap insects;
• Use of light colors of clothing;
• Do not make sudden movements in attempts to scare away the insect;
• Do not crush attacking bees. Why can't you kill bees? The crushed body of a bee releases substances that provoke other bees to behave aggressively;
• It is not recommended to use strong scents of perfumes or shampoos;
• After swimming in a pond, you should thoroughly wipe the moisture from your body;
• If attacked by bees, you should run towards the shelter, pulling your clothes over your face.

Biography

Motley came to Westeros as a boy. Lord Steffon Baratheon found him in Volantis, across the Narrow Sea.

We have found a magnificent jester,” Lord wrote to Cressen two weeks before returning from his unsuccessful trip. “He’s still very young, but he’s as agile as a monkey and as sharp as a dozen courtiers.” He juggles, asks riddles, performs magic tricks and sings wonderfully in four languages. We bought him back and hope to bring him home. Robert will be delighted with him - maybe he will even teach Stannis to laugh. A Clash of Kings, Prologue

Lord Steffon the Proud's galley crashed against the rocks. Pestryak was the only survivor, but lost his mind:

The smart, witty boy that Lord Steffon wrote about never made it to Storm's End; Instead they found another man, broken in spirit and body - he spoke with difficulty, what witticisms there were already! But it was immediately clear from his face who he was. In the free city of Volantis, it is customary to tattoo the faces of slaves and servants, and the guy was decorated from forehead to chin in red and green checkered patterns. A Clash of Kings, Prologue

Even for a fool, Pestryak was a pathetic sight. Maybe they once laughed at his jokes, but the sea took away this gift from him, along with a good half of his reason and all his memory. Obese and flabby, he constantly twitched, shook and talked all sorts of nonsense. Now he only made the girl laugh, and only she cared whether he lived or died. A Clash of Kings, Prologue

Repellents

House bugs are afraid of certain aromas; they detect them using neurons located on the hairs. Repellent plants include the following herbs:

• Sagebrush. This plant is the most effective and efficient. Wormwood is a popular way to help repel bedbugs; the herb is inexpensive and is quite easy to use. You can pick the plant yourself or buy it at the pharmacy. If the scaring period occurs in the summer, it is better to pick fresh wormwood. Bed bugs do not like the smell of this plant, so it is necessary to spread the grass in different places: under baseboards, beds, mattresses, rugs, in cabinets, bedside tables. It definitely won’t help get rid of bedbugs, although it will scare them away for a while. But these bloodsuckers will still leave offspring. The plant has no effect on the eggs, and over time it loses its effectiveness. But it is a good preventive measure and will help people living in a house that has these bloodsuckers to alleviate their suffering for a certain period of time. If there are no bed bugs in the apartment, but the neighbors have them, it is recommended to place wormwood at the threshold, in the ventilation grilles. This way, the neighbor’s problem will not be “transferred” to you. Before laying out the grass in the house, you need to do a wet cleaning and wash the bed.
• Tansy. When asked what bed bugs are afraid of, you can find many rave reviews regarding this herb. Some may be lucky enough to get rid of these insects for a while, but not for long. These cute yellow flowers cannot solve the problem globally. Yes, insects are afraid of their smell and will not cause unpleasant moments to the owners of the house for some time. Insects are afraid of this grass, just like wormwood. It is recommended to place it under mattresses, beds, sofas, and baseboards. You can use tansy decoction. To do this, boil it in water and, after cooling, spray it throughout the apartment. The decoction and tansy herb have no effect on eggs, but insects are afraid of it.
• Air. The rather pungent smell of calamus can repel house bugs. You can buy it at the pharmacy, it is sold in powder form. You should scatter the powder under mattresses, beds, baseboards, and in the corners of rooms. Calamus is completely safe for people and animals. It is added to infusions and decoctions.
• Chamomile. Previously, the drug pyrethrum was made on its basis. Nowadays it is practically not on sale, so an alternative is pharmaceutical medicinal chamomile. Bed bugs are very afraid of its smell. This plant is completely safe and has a calming effect on people. It is recommended to use chamomile essential oil. You should leave a few drops on the night light.
• Bay leaf. A plant that is completely safe for the health of households and is often used in cooking. But bed bugs cannot stand the smell. Leaves can be laid out in unlimited quantities. Also, infusions are prepared based on them, added to water and washed floors.

Herbs can provide effective help if there are a small number of insects in the house. Despite the fact that the herbs can smell strongly, insects are able to overcome their fear, as it is overcome by hunger.

You can also try purchasing a bedbug repeller. The manufacturer gives 100% effectiveness. It is safe for people and pets. Judging by the reviews available on the Internet, the product has proven itself to be excellent.

An excerpt characterizing the bee moth

- Leave me. It is not true! – she angrily shouted at him. The doctor wanted to stop her. She pushed him away and ran to the door. “Why are these people with frightened faces stopping me? I don't need anyone! And what are they doing here? “She opened the door, and the bright daylight in this previously dim room terrified her. There were women and a nanny in the room. They all moved away from the bed to give her way. He was still lying on the bed; but the stern look of his calm face stopped Princess Marya at the threshold of the room. “No, he’s not dead, that can’t be! - Princess Marya said to herself, walked up to him and, overcoming the horror that gripped her, pressed her lips to his cheek. But she immediately pulled away from him. Instantly, all the strength of tenderness for him that she felt in herself disappeared and was replaced by a feeling of horror at what was in front of her. “No, he is no more! He is not there, but there is right there, in the same place where he was, something alien and hostile, some terrible, terrifying and repulsive secret... - And, covering her face with her hands, Princess Marya fell into the arms of the doctor who supported her. In the presence of Tikhon and the doctor, the women washed what he was, tied a scarf around his head so that his open mouth would not stiffen, and tied his divergent legs with another scarf. Then they dressed him in a uniform with orders and placed the small, shriveled body on the table. God knows who took care of it and when, but everything happened as if by itself. By nightfall, candles were burning around the coffin, there was a shroud on the coffin, juniper was strewn on the floor, a printed prayer was placed under the dead, shriveled head, and a sexton sat in the corner, reading the psalter. Just as horses shy away, crowd and snort over a dead horse, so in the living room around the coffin a crowd of foreign and native people crowded - the leader, and the headman, and the women, and all with fixed, frightened eyes, crossed themselves and bowed, and kissed the cold and numb hand of the old prince. Bogucharovo was always, before Prince Andrei settled there, an estate behind the eyes, and the Bogucharovo men had a completely different character from the Lysogorsk men. They differed from them in their speech, clothing, and morals. They were called steppe. The old prince praised them for their tolerance at work when they came to help with cleaning in the Bald Mountains or digging ponds and ditches, but did not like them for their savagery.

What beneficial properties does honey have?

Ground wild bees have aromatic honey, with a predominant smoky aroma and at the same time a tart taste. Honey has a thick consistency, a rich brown color, and contains a huge amount of beebread and wax.

It is believed that regular consumption of honey produced by earth bees helps to cope with the following problems:

• cosmetic errors;
• acute respiratory infections;
• inflammatory processes;
• sore throat;
• muscle pain;
• bronchitis;
• joint diseases;
• pneumonia.

The period when honey is collected in the forest is short, only a few weeks in autumn. During this time, insects manage to prepare a sufficient amount of honey. Today it is popular to collect honey from bees from bees, for which special hives are installed in the forest, where the bee family makes nests

Collect honey from the beetles carefully so as not to accidentally destroy the nest. The extracted honeycombs are opened manually, which preserves the valuable properties of the product. Honey collection is carried out only with wooden objects

Store honey in wooden or clay containers

Honey collection is carried out only with wooden objects. Store honey in wooden or clay containers.

Mole

If the hive is well protected, then she waits in the wings nearby, flying or sitting in ambush under the roof. The parasite lives right in the hive, causing enormous harm. These are the enemies of bees in nature that cause significant harm to the entire hive.

First of all, once in the occupied territory, the moth lays eggs, which will take her no more than a week, camouflaging and hiding them in the garbage at the bottom of the hive, in the brood cells. Her eggs are small, only half a millimeter, they are difficult to notice, and therefore they are very easy to hide.

On the tenth day, the larvae appear and begin a feast consisting of honeycombs. They are capable of turning useful bee nectar into a dirty web with the remains of secretions and feces in a few days. This will only be the beginning of the process! After about twenty days, the bees' enemies pupate and after ten or twenty days they become butterflies, which again lay new eggs.

How to deal with moths:

1. Immediately remove all seriously damaged honeycombs and melt them down;
2. Those honeycombs that are less contaminated should be cleaned and treated with a disinfectant;
3. Clean the bottom of the hive and all grooves;
4. Go through all the cracks of the house with putty;
5. Give the bees some food so that, if they become stronger, they can gnaw the pest out of the honeycombs themselves and throw them out of the hive.

To prevent the enemies of bees and insects from sneaking into the honeycombs, it is important to follow the correct storage regime. The best option is formaldehyde vapor treatment or sulfur fumigation.

For storage, put it in a box that is dry and additionally reinforced with tin (a fairly effective method of protecting honeycombs from mice).

Wasps and hornets

Wasps and hornets

Many people think that wasps and hornets are close relatives of bees. This is true, but these insects are classified as robbers. Due to their larger size and strength, they attack distant brothers, take away honey and eat it with pleasure. At the same time, wasps and hornets prefer to destroy weak families.

Arachnids

Salpuga or phalanx spider

Typical predators who are not averse to eating not only bees, but also the aforementioned wasps, as well as hornets. Hunters prefer to attack while collecting pollen. The greatest danger is represented by salpugs - they are the number one enemy of bees. Salpugs are distinguished by their size (approximately 70 mm in length) and usually hunt at night.

Ants

Ant

Ants settle close to the hives, regularly robbing them. Raids are carried out in large groups. The main goal of ants is honey. Although insects do not refuse bee larvae. Because of this, the indirect extinction of bees occurs, since such events have a bad effect on the life of the entire hive.

Wax moth

Wax moth

Wax moths are a real headache for beekeepers. The larva lays eggs in the hive. After this, the wax begins to deteriorate. As a consequence, deterioration of food and brood. This leads to serious bee diseases.

Lifestyle and reproduction

Adult bee beetles live in forest clearings and forest edges, choosing well-lit and warm places. They can be seen on tree trunks or flowers. Beetles prefer umbelliferous plants (yarrow, quarrywort, angelica, buten). Pieds hunt in the daytime. Prey is caught on flowers or trees. Small insects are held by the fore and middle limbs. Lunch starts with soft tissues. Flower pollen is part of the diet of adult beetles.

Attention. The presence of red in the body coloration signals danger. The beetle's hemolymph contains toxic substances, so not all birds eat bee beetles.

Features of reproduction

Representatives of the pied family belong to insects with complete metamorphosis. Adult flight in regions with a temperate climate is observed in May-June, in the northern regions - in July. Male bee beetles are smaller than females. Mating of insects occurs on umbelliferous and asteraceous plants, where most of the life of the imago takes place.

The lifespan of a female is about one month. During this time, she manages to lay up to 200 reddish-orange oblong eggs. The masonry is placed on flowers. A distinctive feature of beetles is the ability to oviposit fertilized and unfertilized individuals.